Incazelo Yethuluzi Lomshini

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamathuluzi Omshini

Amathuluzi omshini wokusika insimbi, ikakhulukazi asetshenziselwa ukusika insimbi;

Ithuluzi lomshini wokwenza ukhuni lokusika izinkuni;

Amathuluzi omshini wokucubungula akhethekile, enza ukucubungula okukhethekile kuma-workpieces ngezindlela zomzimba namakhemikhali;

Imishini yokukhiqiza. Ithuluzi lomshini elichazwe kancane libhekisela kuphela enanini elisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi elikhulu kunawo wonke lamathuluzi omshini wokusika insimbi.

• 1. Amathuluzi omshini wokusika insimbi angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene ngokwezindlela zokuhlukanisa ezihlukene.
• 1.1 Ngokwendlela yokucubungula noma into yokucubungula, ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-lathe, umshini wokumba, umshini oyisicefe, umshini wokugaya, igiya ithuluzi lomshini wokucubungula, ithuluzi lomshini wokucubungula izintambo, ithuluzi lomshini wokucubungula i-spline, umshini wokugaya, iplanethi, umshini wokufaka, umshini wokugaya, ithuluzi lomshini wokucubungula okhethekile, umshini wokusaha kanye nomshini wokuqopha, njll. Uhlobo ngalunye luhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amaningana ngokwesakhiwo salo noma izinto ezicutshungulwayo, futhi iqembu ngalinye lihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana.
• 1.2 Ngokuhambisana nobukhulu bendawo yokusebenza kanye nesisindo sethuluzi lomshini, ingahlukaniswa ngamathuluzi omshini wezinsimbi, amathuluzi omshini amancane naphakathi, amathuluzi omshini amakhulu, amathuluzi omshini asindayo namathuluzi omshini asinda kakhulu;
• 1.3 Ngokusho kokunemba kokucubungula, ingahlukaniswa ngamathuluzi omshini wokunemba ajwayelekile, amathuluzi omshini wokunemba kanye namathuluzi omshini anemba okuphezulu;
• 1.4 Ngokwezinga le-automation, ingahlukaniswa ngamathuluzi omshini osebenza mathupha, amathuluzi omshini we-semi-automatic kanye namathuluzi omshini othomathikhi;
• 1.5 Ngokwemodi yokulawula okuzenzakalelayo yethuluzi lomshini, ingahlukaniswa ngamathuluzi omshini wokukopisha, amathuluzi omshini wokulawula uhlelo, amathuluzi omshini wokulawula idijithali, amathuluzi omshini wokulawula okuguquguqukayo, izikhungo zemishini kanye nezinhlelo zokukhiqiza eziguquguqukayo;
• 1.6 Ngokobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi omshini, ingahlukaniswa ngokwenhloso evamile, inhloso ekhethekile kanye namathuluzi omshini wezinjongo ezikhethekile.
• 1.7 Kukhona uhlobo lwethuluzi lomshini oluzenzakalelayo noma oluzenzakalelayo olususelwa ezingxenyeni ezijwayelekile ezijwayelekile kanye nenani elincane lezingxenye ezikhethekile eziklanywe ngokuya ngesimo esithile se-workpiece noma ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula. Ibizwa ngokuthi ithuluzi lomshini elihlanganisiwe.
• 1.8 Ukuze kucutshungulwe ingxenye eyodwa noma eziningana, uchungechunge lwamathuluzi omshini ahlelwa ngokulandelana, futhi afakwe nedivayisi yokulayisha nokukhipha okuzenzakalelayo kanye nedivaysi yokudlulisa okuzenzakalelayo phakathi kwethuluzi lomshini nethuluzi lomshini. Iqembu lamathuluzi omshini elakhiwe ngale ndlela libizwa ngokuthi umugqa wokukhiqiza othomathikhi wokusika ukucubungula.
• 1.9 Uhlelo lokukhiqiza oluguquguqukayo lwakhiwe iqembu lamathuluzi omshini olawulwa ngedijithali nezinye izinto zokusebenza ezizenzakalelayo. Ilawulwa ikhompuyutha ye-elekthronikhi futhi ingacubungula ngokuzenzakalelayo ama-workpiece anezinqubo ezahlukene, ezingajwayelana nezinhlobo eziningi zokukhiqiza.

Ithuluzi lomshini liyimpahla eyisisekelo yokukhiqiza yemboni yemishini. Izinhlobonhlobo zayo, ikhwalithi kanye nokusebenza kahle kokucubungula kuthinta ngokuqondile izinga lobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho zeminye imikhiqizo yemishini. Ngakho-ke, izinga lesimanje nesikali semboni yamathuluzi emishini, kanye nenani nekhwalithi yamathuluzi omshini kungenye yezimpawu ezibalulekile zokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zezwe.

3. Umlando omfushane wokuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi omshini

I-lathe yesihlahla, eyavela eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2,000 BC, yayiyisibonelo sokuqala sethuluzi lomshini. Lapho usebenza, gibela i-ferrule ekugcineni engezansi kwentambo, sebenzisa ukunwebeka kwegatsha ukwenza ucezu lokusebenza olushayelwa yintambo, futhi usebenzise igobolondo noma itshe njengethuluzi lokuhambisa ithuluzi eduze kwepulanga ukusika ucezu lokusebenza. Lesi simiso sisasetshenziswa kunduku yokunwebeka yangenkathi ephakathi nendawo.

Ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu, ngenxa yesidingo sokukhiqiza amawashi nezikhali, kwakunemishini yokufaka intambo kanye nemishini yomshini womshini wabakhi bamawashi, kanye nemishini ebhoring imiphongolo eqhutshwa ngamanzi. Cishe ngo-1500, umNtaliyane uLeonardo da Vinci wayedwebe imidwebo yezintambo, imishini eyisicefe, imishini yokulutha kanye nezigaya zangaphakathi, okwakukhona kuzo izindlela ezintsha ezinjengama-crank, ama-flywheels, ama-top and grinders. ezivezas. I-"Tiangong Kaiwu" eyanyatheliswa i-Ming Dynasty yaseShayina iqukethe nesakhiwo somshini wokugaya, osebenzisa i-foot pedal ukuze ujikeleze ipuleti lensimbi, kanye nesihlabathi namanzi ukusika i-jade.

Inguquko yezimboni yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili yakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi omshini. Ngo-1774, i-British Wilkinson yasungula umshini wokugcwalisa umgqomo onembe kakhudlwana. Ngonyaka olandelayo, wasebenzisa lo mshini wokwenza isilinda ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zenjini yesitimu ye-Watt. Ukuze enze amasilinda amakhudlwana, wakha umshini wokwenza isilinda oqhutshwa ngamanzi ngo-1776, owakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinjini zesitimu. Kusukela lapho, ithuluzi lomshini laqala ukushayelwa isibhakabhaka umphini ngenjini yesitimu.

Ngo-1797, i-lathe eyenziwe yi-British Mozley yayiqhutshwa isikulufu, esasikwazi ukubona ukuphakelwa kwemoto kanye nokusika intambo, okwakuwushintsho olukhulu ekwakhekeni kwethuluzi lomshini. Ngakho-ke uMozley waziwa ngokuthi "unguyise wemboni yamathuluzi omshini waseBrithani".

Ngekhulu le-19, ngenxa yokukhuthazwa kwezindwangu, amandla, imishini yokuthutha nokukhiqizwa kwezikhali, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamathuluzi omshini zavela ngokulandelana. Ngo-1817, uRoberts waseBrithani wadala i-gantry planer; ngo-1818, uWhitney waseMelika wenza umshini wokugaya ovundlile; ngo-1876, i-United States yenza i-universal cylindrical grinder; ngo-1835 no-1897, wasungula umshini wokubhoboza kanye nomshini wokubumba amagiya.

Ngokusungulwa kwe-motor kagesi, ithuluzi lomshini laqala ukusebenzisa i-electric motor centralized drive kuqala, lase lisetshenziswa kabanzi idrayivu kagesi ehlukile. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ukuze kucutshungulwe ama-workpieces anembe kakhudlwana, zalapho kanye namathuluzi wokugaya intambo, ukuxhumanisa imishini eyisicefe kanye nemishini yokugaya intambo yenziwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokukhiqiza ngobuningi ezimbonini zezimoto nezokuthwala, amathuluzi omshini othomathikhi ahlukahlukene, amathuluzi omshini we-contour, amathuluzi omshini we-modular kanye nemigqa yokukhiqiza ezenzakalelayo iye yathuthukiswa.

Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi, i-United States yathuthukisa ithuluzi lokuqala lomshini olawulwa ngedijithali ngo-1952; ngo-1958, yakha isikhungo somshini esingashintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo amathuluzi wokwenza izinto eziningi. Kusukela lapho, ngokuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi kanye nobuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha, ithuluzi lomshini liye laba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo ezindleleni zokushayela, izinhlelo zokulawula kanye nemisebenzi yesakhiwo.

4. Umsebenzi wethuluzi lomshini

Inqubo yokusika yethuluzi lomshini ibonakala ngokunyakaza okuhlobene phakathi kwethuluzi kanye ne-workpiece. Ukunyakaza kungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: ukunyakaza okwakhiwa phezulu kanye nokunyakaza okuyisizayo.

Ukunyakaza kokubunjwa kwangaphezulu ukunyakaza okuvumela ucezu lokusebenza ukuthola ukwakheka nosayizi odingekayo. Kuhlanganisa ukunyakaza okuyinhloko, ukunyakaza kokuphakelayo kanye nokunyakaza kwe-plunge. Ukunyakaza okuyinhloko ukunyakaza okudlala indima enkulu lapho kuxetshulwa izinto ezidlulele ku-workpiece engenalutho. Kungaba ukunyakaza okujikelezayo kwengxenye yokusebenza (njengokuphenduka), ukunyakaza komugqa (njengokuhlela kuplanethi ye-gantry), noma ukunyakaza okuzungezisayo kwethuluzi (njengokugaya nokubhoboza) noma ukunyakaza komugqa (njengokufaka phakathi broaching); ukunyakaza okuphakelayo ukunyakaza kwethuluzi kanye nengxenye ye-workpiece okufanele icutshungulwe, ukuze ukusika kuqhubeke nokunyakaza, njengokuphenduka kwesibambi sesilayidi eduze komhlahlandlela wethuluzi lomshini lapho uphendulela indilinga yangaphandle Ukunyakaza kokusika ukwenza ithuluzi lisikwe endaweni yokusebenza lifinyelele ekujuleni okuthile. Umsebenzi wayo ukusika ugqinsi oluthile lwento engaphezulu kwendawo yokusebenza ku-stroke ngayinye yokusika, njengokunyakaza kokusika eceleni kwesibambi sethuluzi elincane lapho uphendula indilinga yangaphandle.

Ukunyakaza okuyisizayo ikakhulukazi kufaka phakathi indlela esheshayo kanye nokuhoxiswa kwethuluzi noma ucezu lokusebenza, ukulungiswa kwendawo yezingxenye zamathuluzi omshini, ukukhonjwa kwendawo yokusebenza, ukukhonjwa komphathi wamathuluzi, ukuphakelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuqala, ukuguqulwa kwesivinini, ukuhlehla, isitobhi kanye nethuluzi elizenzakalelayo ukushintsha.

Zonke izinhlobo zamathuluzi omshini ngokuvamile akhiwa izingxenye eziyisisekelo ezilandelayo: izingxenye ezisekelayo, ezisetshenziselwa ukufaka nokusekela ezinye izingxenye kanye nezinto zokusebenza, ezithwala isisindo sazo namandla okusika, njengombhede nekholomu, njll; umshini wokushintsha, osetshenziselwa ukushintsha isivinini sokunyakaza okuyinhloko; I-feed Indlela isetshenziswa ukushintsha izinga lokudla; ibhokisi lokuphotha lisetshenziselwa ukufaka ithuluzi lokuphotha lomshini; umnikazi wamathuluzi kanye nomagazini wamathuluzi; uhlelo lokulawula nokusebenza; uhlelo lokuthambisa; uhlelo lokupholisa.

Okunamathiselwe kwethuluzi lomshini kuhlanganisa ukulayisha nokulayisha ithuluzi lomshini, izikhohlisi, amarobhothi ezimboni nokunye okunamathiselwe kwethuluzi lomshini, kanye nezinsiza zamathuluzi omshini njengama-chucks, ama-suction cup chuck asentwasahlobo, ama-vises, amatafula ajikelezayo namakhanda ezinkomba.

Izinkomba zokuhlola ukusebenza kobuchwepheshe kwamathuluzi omshini ekugcineni zingabalelwa ukunemba komshini nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza. Ukunemba komshini kuhlanganisa ukunemba kobukhulu, ukunemba komumo, ukunemba kwendawo, ikhwalithi ephezulu, nokunemba kwethuluzi lomshini. Ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kubandakanya ukusika isikhathi nesikhathi esiyisizayo, kanye nezinga lokuzenzakalela kanye nokuthembeka kokusebenza kwethuluzi lomshini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lezi zinkomba zincike ezicini ezimile zethuluzi lomshini, njengokunemba kwejometri nokuqina; ngakolunye uhlangothi, banobudlelwano obukhulu nezici eziguquguqukayo zethuluzi lomshini, njengokunemba kokunyakaza, ukuqina okuguquguqukayo, ukuwohloka kokushisa, nomsindo.

5. Intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo yamathuluzi omshini

Intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo yamathuluzi omshini ithi:

Ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kobuchwepheshe obusha obunjengobuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha ye-elekthronikhi, izingxenye ezintsha ze-servo drive, ama-gratings nama-optical fibers, ukwenza kube lula ukwakheka kwemishini, ukuthuthukisa nokwandisa umsebenzi wokuzenzakalela, nokujwayela ithuluzi lomshini ukuze lisebenze ohlelweni lokukhiqiza oluguquguqukayo;

Khulisa isivinini sokunyakaza okuyinhloko kwamandla kanye nokunyakaza kokuphakelayo, futhi ngokuhambisanayo ukhulise ukuqina okuguquguqukayo nokumile kwesakhiwo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokusebenzisa amathuluzi amasha kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusika;

Thuthukisa ukunemba kwemishini futhi uthuthukise i-ultra-ukulungisa okucacile amathuluzi omshini ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezimboni ezisafufusa njengemishini kagesi kanye ne-aerospace; thuthukisa amathuluzi omshini wokwenza imishini akhethekile ukuze avumelane nomshini wezinto zensimbi okunzima ukuzisebenzisa nezinye izinto ezintsha zezimboni.

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