Ubunzima bokukhiqiza okuphezulu ezivezas

01 Kumabhodi anyakazayo alayini okuqala, umugqa wezigxobo wawubekwa ngaphansi kwe-skid. 

Le nqubo ingalandelwa emuva ngesikhathi lapho kwakhiwa ipiramidi yaseKafra, nakuba bungekho ubufakazi obucacile okwamanje. Ama-modern motion bearings asebenzisa isimiso esifanayo sokusebenza, kodwa sebenzisa ama-roller esikhundleni sama-roller.

Kusukela kushaft yamasondo esindayo nasethulini lamathuluzi omshini kuya ezingxenyeni zewashi ezinemba kahle, amabombo wokujikeleza ayadingeka ezinhlelweni eziningi. Ukuthwala okujikelezayo okulula kakhulu ukuthwala imikhono. Lo mklamo kamuva wathathelwa indawo ngamabheroli agingqikayo, abesebenzisa ama-roller angama-cylindrical amaningi ukufaka esikhundleni sokuqala ibhasis. I-rolling roll yokuqala yasungulwa ngumenzi wamawashi uJohn Harrison ngo-1760 ukwenza isibali sikhathi se-H3.

Isibonelo sokuqala samabhere ebhola satholakala emkhunjini wasendulo waseRoma eLake Naimi, e-Italy. Ibhola lokhuni lalisetshenziselwa ukuxhasa itafula elijikelezayo. Umkhumbi wakhiwa ngo-40 BC. Phakathi kwezinto ezingavuthiwe zamabheringi ebhola, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi amabhola azoshayisana, abangele ukungqubuzana okwengeziwe.

I-patent yokuqala esiteshini sebhola etholwayo yatholwa nguPhilip Vaughn ngo-1794. Ngo-1883, uFriedrich Fisher waphakamisa ukusetshenziswa kwemishini efanelekile yokukhiqiza ukugaya amabhola ensimbi alingana nobubanzi obuyindilinga, okwabeka isisekelo sokwakhiwa kwe-bearing umkhakha. Ngo-1907, uSven Winquist wefektri ethwala ibhola ye-SKF waklama ukuthwala ibhola okwakuqala kakhulu kwanamuhla.

Ngokwefomu lokuxhumana lokunyakaza okuhlobene, amabheringi ahlukaniswe: amabheringi ebhola, amabhele enaliti, amabheringi e-tapered roller, amabombo we-sliding, amabombo aguquguqukayo, amabheringi womoya, amabombo we-magnetic suspension, amabombo we-jewel namabhere aqukethe uwoyela.

02Nakuba isakhiwo se-bearing silula

Ama-workshops amaningi amancane angakwenza, kodwa ukuthwala kunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezobuchwepheshe, futhi kungasetshenziswa ngisho nanjengendinganiso ebalulekile yokukala amandla kazwelonke wesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Imibuso yomhlaba yanamuhla yesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ngaphandle kokukhetha, ingamandla okuzala i-R & D kanye nokukhiqiza.

Ingaphezu kuka-70% imakethe yezwe ephethwe yizinkampani eziyishumi ezihamba phambili zamazwe ngamazwe, lapho i-United States ihlanganisa ama-23%, i-European Union i-21%, ne-Japan i-19%. Imakethe ephethe umhlaba ngokuyisisekelo ilawulwa yizinkampani ezinhlanu ezifana ne-NSK eJapan, izinkampani ezimbili ezibandakanya i-SKF eSweden, i-FAG eJalimane, nezinkampani eziningana ezifana neTimken e-United States.

Ngasikhathi sinye, imakethe esezingeni eliphakeme embonini yezwe ephethwe yizinkampani ezibalwe ngenhla, kanti imakethe esezingeni eliphansi igxile kakhulu eChina. Izinkampani ezi-10 ezinkulu ezithwala izinto eChina, ezinjenge-tile shafts, zenze ama-24.7% kuphela okuthengiswa kwemboni, kanti ingqikithi yokukhiqiza ephezulu engama-30 yayingu-37.4% kuphela.

Eminyakeni yamuva, imboni ethwala iChina isungule isethi yezinhlelo zezimboni ezizimele neziphelele. Ngaphandle kokuthengisa okuphumayo noma okuthengiswayo, iChina ingene ezinhlwini zamazwe amakhulu embonini ethwele futhi iba sesithathu emhlabeni. Imininingwane ikhombisa ukuthi ngo-2017, imali engenayo yebhizinisi eyinhloko yamabhizinisi angaphezu kwesayizi oqokiwe embonini ethwala iChina yayiyi-yuan eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-178.8, futhi umphumela wokutholwa kwaba amasethi angama-21 billion. Ingakhiqiza ama-bearings kusuka ku-0.6 mm ububanzi obungaphakathi kuya ku-11 m ububanzi obungaphandle, ngenani eliphelele lokucaciswa okungaphezu kwama-90,000.

Ukusuka ku-2006 kuya ku-2017, ukukhula kwenani lokuthwala lokuthumela laseChina bekuzinzile ngokulingana, futhi nezinga lokukhula laliphezulu kunalelo lokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe. Insalela yokuhweba engenisa nokuthekelisa ikhombise ukuthambekela okwandayo. Ngo-2017, insalela yokuhweba yafinyelela ku-1.55 billion amadola aseMelika. Uma kuqhathaniswa nentengo yeyunithi yamabheringi wokungenisa nokuthekelisa, umehluko wamanani phakathi kwamabheringi wokungenisa nawokuthekelisa waseChina ube mkhulu kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, kepha umehluko wamanani ubulokhu wehla unyaka nonyaka, kukhombisa ukuthi yize okuqukethwe kobuchwepheshe kwemboni ethwala iChina kusekhona inegebe elithile nezinga eliphakeme, lisabamba. Ngasikhathi sinye, kukhombisa isimo samanje sokweqa ngokweqile kwamabhere asezingeni eliphansi kanye namabheringi asezingeni eliphakeme anganele eChina.

Okwamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokuklama nokukhiqiza kwamabhere asekhaya kuyalingiswa ngokuyisisekelo, ikhono lokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo liphansi, futhi alinalutho ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo obuthile. Yize isilinganiso esilinganayo sama-mainframes asekhaya sifinyelele kuma-80%, amabheringi asekelayo nokulungiswa kwamagama abalulekile afana nezimoto ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu, izimoto eziphakathi nendawo ukuya phezulu, amakhompyutha, ama-air conditioners, kanye nezigayo zokugaya ezisezingeni eliphakeme ngokuyisisekelo thembela kokungeniswa.

Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bokufaka ekhaya kanye nenqubo yemishini yobuchwepheshe kuhamba kancane, izinga lokulawulwa kwamanani lokujika liphansi, futhi nezinga lokugaya ezishintshayo liphansi. Kunezintambo zokukhiqiza ezizenzakalelayo ezingaphezu kwama-200 kuphela ezweni. Izinqubo zokwelashwa okushisiwe ezithuthukisiwe nemishini ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthwaleni impilo nokwethembeka, njengokulawulwa kokuvikela umoya, ukucwenga okuphindwe kabili, nokucisha okungapheli, kunokutholakala okuphansi, futhi izinkinga eziningi zobuchwepheshe azikanqotshwa.

Ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamamaki wensimbi amasha, ukwenziwa ngcono kwekhwalithi yensimbi, kanye nokwenziwa kobuchwepheshe obuhlobene nobuchwepheshe obufana ne-lubrication, ukupholisa, ukuhlanza kanye namathuluzi ahluphayo akukwazanga ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamazinga wokukhiqiza kanye nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi.

Ukuthatha ibhola elijule kakhulu lokujula njengesibonelo, impilo yangempela yemikhiqizo ethuthukile yangaphandle ivamise ukuba ngaphezu kwezikhathi eziyi-8 impilo ebaliwe, ize ibe ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezingama-30, futhi ukuthembeka kungaphezu kwama-98%.

Impilo yamabhere wasekhaya ngokuvamile iphindwe izikhathi ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-5 zempilo ebaliwe, futhi ukuthembeka kucishe kube ngama-96%. Igebe lisabaluleke kakhulu. Kumishini ejwayelekile yezemidlalo, inkinga ayinkulu kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kunzima ukwamukela emkhakheni osezingeni eliphezulu, ngakho-ke amabheringi endiza asekhaya, amabheringi wesitimela anejubane elikhulu, amabheringi wamarobhothi, njll.

03Isitimela esinesivinini esikhulu, izindiza ezinkulu, izikhali ezisindayo kanye nezinye izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu zinama-bearings aphezulu

kodwa ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zama-bearings asezingeni eliphezulu ngokunemba, ukusebenza, ukuphila nokuthembeka, ikhwalithi nokuthembeka kwezinto ezithwalayo kuyisici esinqumayo.

Ngenxa yokujikeleza okusheshayo kwento, izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zokuthwala zingaphansi kwengcindezi eguquguqukayo nobuningi obuphezulu. Ngokuvamile, ingcindezi yunithi ngayinye ifinyelela ku-1500 kuye ku-5000N nge-millimeter yesikwele. Ngaphansi kwalezi zici, ukuthwala kuthanda ukukhathala kokucindezeleka, okungadala ukukhathala ukuxebuka Ukuthwala kulahlekelwa ukusebenza kwawo, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, ukuthwala okugingqikayo kudinga futhi ukumelana nezinto ezifana namandla we-centrifugal, ukungqubuzana, ukushisa okuphezulu, ukugqwala, njll Lokhu futhi kwenza ukuthi kudingeke ukuthi kusetshenziswe insimbi enhle ukwenza lokhu.

Phakathi kwezingxenye ezine ezinkulu zamabombo agingqikayo, ngaphandle kwesigcini, iringi yangaphakathi, yangaphandle nezinto ezigingqikayo (amabhola, ama-roller, noma izinaliti) zakhiwe ngensimbi ethwele, futhi insimbi ethwele yaziwa njenge "king of steel" Is ebaluleke kakhulu steel grade ekukhiqizeni steel.

Ikhwalithi yokuthwala insimbi ikakhulu incike kulezi zinto ezine ezilandelayo: eyodwa okuqukethwe, i-morphology, ukusatshalaliswa nosayizi wokufakwa kwensimbi; owesibili okuqukethwe, i-morphology, ukusatshalaliswa nosayizi wama-carbide ensimbi; owesithathu ukukhululeka okumaphakathi ku-Hole yensimbi nokuhlukaniswa kwesikhungo; Okwesine, ukuvumelana kokuthwala ukusebenza komkhiqizo wensimbi. Lezi zinto ezine zingafingqwa njengezinkomba zokuhlanzeka nokufana.

Phakathi kwabo, ubumsulwa budinga ukuthi ukufakwa kokuqukethwe kube kuncane ngangokunokwenzeka, ikhwalithi yobumsulwa inomthelela oqondile empilweni yokukhathala kokuthwala; ngenkathi ukufana kudinga ukufakwa kanye nezinhlayiya ze-carbide kulolo daba ukuthi zilunge futhi zihlakazeke, okuzothinta ukuguqulwa kokuthwala nokufana kwesakhiwo ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa ekukhiqizeni.

Inqubo yokukhiqiza shaft yezwe lethu isondele ezingeni eliphezulu emhlabeni, kepha okokusebenza-okungukuthi, izinsimbi ezisezingeni eliphakeme cishe zingeniswa ngokuphelele.

"I-PPM" iyunithi lokuqukethwe komoya-mpilo ekwakheni insimbi, okusho izingxenye ngesigidi noma izingxenye ngesigidi ngasinye. Ngokuvamile, embonini yensimbi, izinsimbi eziyi-8 ze-PPM yizinsimbi ezinhle; Izinsimbi ezi-5 ze-PPM zingama-steels asezingeni eliphakeme, okuyilokho kanye okudingwa ngamabheringi aphezulu.

I-R & D, ukukhiqizwa nokuthengiswa kwezinsimbi ezisezingeni eliphakeme kugcinwa ngokulawulwa yimidondoshiya ethwele umhlaba i-US Timken neSweden SKF. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, basungula izisekelo eYantai, Shandong naseJinan ngokulandelana, bathenga izinto ezisezingeni eliphansi ezivela eChina, basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe babo obuyisisekelo ukwenza amabheringi asezingeni eliphezulu, bazithengisa emakethe yaseChina ngenani eliphindwe kayishumi.

Ukwengezwa komhlaba ongajwayelekile enqubeni yokwenza insimbi kungenza insimbi yasekuqaleni esezingeni eliphakeme ibe "namandla". Kepha ukuthi ungangeza kanjani, le yimfihlo eyinhloko yezidlakela zomhlaba ezithwele.

Muva nje, ithimba locwaningo lokulingisa ngomshini we-Institute of Metal Research le-Chinese Academy of Sciences lithole ukuthi ukungcola kungumthombo oyinhloko wokwakheka okungalingani ngokuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba nokubalwa kwama-ingots wensimbi amakhulu angama-100. Ukwengezwa okukhethekile kobuchwepheshe kwinsimbi kuqhekeza ngebhodlela lobuchwepheshe lokusetshenziswa kwezimboni komhlaba onqabile ngensimbi, futhi kuqaphela inqubo phambili nokusebenza okuzinzile ngemuva kokungeza umhlaba onqabile ensimbi.

Ukuthatha amabombo we-NSK waseJapan njengesibonelo, yaqala ukuthuthukisa nokwakha amabheringi kusuka ekugxileni kusayensi eyisisekelo, ngobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe bezinto ezibonakalayo, ubuchwepheshe be-mechatronics kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlaziya njengobuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo obune.

Kungenxa yalomoya ongenakulinganiswa we-R & D ukuthi i-NSK iguqukele ekubeni yinkampani yezemishini yaseJapan yaba yisiqhwaga esisezingeni lomhlaba.

Izwe lethu likwazile ukwenza insimbi enhle, into elandelayo okufanele uyenze ukuthi uyisebenzisa kanjani kuma-bearings. Amabheringi asezingeni eliphakeme afaka nobunzima bezobuchwepheshe ezintweni zokwakha, ukuklama, ukucubungula okuphezulu, ukuthwala ukukhiqiza, nezinye izifundo ezihlukene njengokukhathala nokulimala, ukuthambisa umzimba, njll., Ngakho-ke kusekhona igebe elithile phakathi kweChina nokuthwala okuphezulu ubuchwepheshe.

Xhumanisa nale ndatshana: Ubunzima bokukhiqiza amabombo aphezulu

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