Ngokombiko we-RBC yabezindaba yendawo yaseRussia, i-Nadvoitsy aluminium plant yaseRusal, inkampani yesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni ye-aluminium, izovula kabusha indawo yayo yakudala, kodwa esikhundleni sokuqhubeka nemisebenzi yayo yokukhiqiza i-aluminium, izoguqulwa ibe "imayini ye-bitcoin. "

  I-US Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) yafaka unswinyo ku-Rusal ngo-April 2018. Ngaleso sikhathi, uMnyango Wezezimali Wase-US wabiza umnikazi wamasheya omkhulu wakwa-Rusal u-Oleg Deripaska "nge-oligarch yaseRussia eqokiwe" futhi wafaka unswinyo enkampanini. Imboni ye-aluminiyamu i-Nadvoitsy yake yaba ngesinye sezitshalo ezinkulu zensimbi zaseRussia. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yomthelela wezigwebo zezomnotho, lesi sikhungo savalwa ngenxa yokulahlekelwa amakhasimende aseMelika.

  Ngokulandelayo, uRusal wavuma ukuqasha ingxenye yemboni ye-aluminium yase-Nadvoitsy kwi-Russian Mining Corporation (RMC). Umsunguli we-RMC uDmitry Marinichev uthe: “Njengamanje, lesi sikhungo asinanzuzo kwaRusal, futhi cishe awukho ugesi ohlinzekwa kuso. Abantu abahlala edolobheni elilodwa elinezimboni eduze kwalesi sikhungo abanandawo abangaya kuyo.” Echaza okusha Lapho eqondise ekuhlanganyeleni kwe-cryptocurrency, wanezela: “Umbono wethu uwukushintsha inhloso yefekthri futhi sidayise amandla ekhompyutha.”

  Ngokusho kwemibiko, i-RMC ihlela ukufaka imishini yezimayini ye-cryptocurrency ezimbonini zayo futhi isebenzise imithombo yayo yamandla eshibhile ukuze iyenze ibe ipulazi lezimayini le-Bitcoin, eligxile ezimayini ezingama-20% we-BTC yomhlaba. I-RBC iphinde yabika ukuthi iRussia inethemba lokuthi imali engenayo yanyanga zonke yemayini ingafinyelela ezigidini eziyi-100 zamadola aseMelika, futhi idale i-ecosystem yabavukuzi nabatshalizimali, bese inselele ukubusa kweChina embonini yezimayini ye-Bitcoin yomhlaba wonke. Njengamanje, i-China ilawula i-70% yemakethe yezimayini ye-Bitcoin yomhlaba wonke.

  Yize intengo yeBitcoin ibilokhu ingazinzile isikhathi eside, intshisekelo yabatshalizimali ezimayini ze-cryptocurrency ibilokhu ikhula, okuholele ekutheni izinkampani ezimbalwa ziqale ukwakha amapulazi amakhulu ezimayini. Muva nje, i-Bitmain yazisa umphakathi ngezinhlelo zayo zokwakha izakhiwo zezimayini ezinkulu e-United States. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abatshalizimali nabo bahlanganyele amandla ukuze bafake amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-50 ekuthuthukiseni enye indawo enkulu yezimayini ye-cryptocurrency.

  Ngo-April 2001, inkampani yathola ngokusemthethweni imvume yoMnyango Wokulwa Nombuso WaseRussia yokuqoqa izimali ngokuba nezabelo zezinkampani zaseRussia ezibamba iqhaza ekukhiqizeni inkampani. Ngemva kokuphothula le nqubo yokuhlanganisa, inhloko-dolobha yenkampani idlule amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8, ngaleyo ndlela ingena ezinhlwini zokukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium emithathu ephezulu emhlabeni. Umkhiqizo wonyaka we-aluminium ye-RUSAL ungamathani ayizigidi ezi-4.2, okwenza cishe u-12% womkhiqizo we-aluminium womhlaba. Umkhiqizo wonyaka we-alumina ungamathani ayizigidi eziyi-11.3, okubalelwa ku-15% wemakethe yomhlaba. Le nkampani inezimboni ezingu-15 zokucubungula i-aluminium, izimboni ezingu-12 zokucubungula i-alumina, izitshalo zezimayini ze-bauxite ezingu-7, izitshalo ezi-3 zokugoqa i-aluminium foil kanye nezitshalo ezi-2 zokukhiqiza i-cathode block. Ukukhishwa kwansuku zonke kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yenkampani cishe: amathani angu-11,500 e-aluminium, amathani angu-31,000 e-alumina, amathani angu-53,000 e-bauxite, namathani angu-197 we-aluminium foil.

  I-Rusal United Company iyibhizinisi eligxile ekuthekeliseni kwamanye amazwe, ama-80% emikhiqizo yalo adayiswa ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe, kanti umkhiqizo oyinhloko wokuthekelisa yi-aluminium eyinhloko. Kodwa-ke, inkampani ilwela ukukhulisa ingxenye yemikhiqizo ecutshungulwe ngokujulile ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zabasebenzisi bokugcina. Manje, uhlu lwemikhiqizo ye-aluminium ehlinzekwa yinkampani kumakhasimende ihlanganisa ububanzi obubanzi. Le mikhiqizo ingasetshenziswa kwezokuthutha, ukwakhiwa, ukuhlola uwoyela, i-metallurgy, ukukhiqiza umshini, ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi, imboni yokudla nezinye izimboni. I-RUSAL Corporation ibheka ukubaluleka okukhulu kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokuphepha kokukhiqizwa kwemvelo. Yinkampani yokuqala eRussia ukukhuthaza uhlelo lokuphathwa kwemvelo kulo mkhakha futhi iphase isitifiketi se-ISO14000 samazwe ngamazwe sokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Ngo-August 18, kwaqhuma ukuqhuma ophikweni lwaseSayano-Shushenskaya, okuyisiteshi sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke eRussia esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi, okwaholela ekufeni kwabantu abangu-66 kwathi abangu-11 banyamalala. Inkampani engumzali, iRus Hydro, yakumisa ngokushesha ukusebenza kwayo eLondon nase-United Kingdom. Ukuhweba ngamasheya emakethe yaseRussia. Isiteshi sikagesi i-Sayan-Shushensk Hydropower Station sakhiwa ngo-1963. Lo msebenzi waqedwa ngo-1987. Umthamo wokuphehla ugesi ngonyaka ungama-kWh ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-23.5—isiteshi sikagesi esiphehlwa ngamanzi esine ngobukhulu emhlabeni wonke-cishe u-70% kagesi ohlinzekwa yi-Rusal Large eseduze. electrolytic aluminium izitshalo Khakassia (300,000 amathani / ngonyaka) kanye Sayanogorsk (550,000 amathani / ngonyaka).

  Ingozi yokuqhuma yabangela ukuthi imboni ye-aluminiyamu ye-electrolytic iphelelwe amandla ihora elilodwa, futhi uRusal ngokushesha walungisa amandla avela ezindaweni ezimbili eziseduze, waqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa okuvamile kwemboni ye-aluminium. Ngokusho kokhulumela i-Russian Hydropower Group (i-RusHydro), isiteshi sikagesi samanzi sifakwe amayunithi angu-8, angu-6 awo alinyazwe kakhulu. Uma zilungiswa ngokuphelele futhi zisebenza ngokujwayelekile, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuzothatha iminyaka engaba ngu-4-5! Izitshalo ezimbili ezinkulu ze-aluminium zaseRusal ezinamandla okukhiqiza amathani angu-500,000 ngonyaka zibhekene nosongo lokunqamuka kukagesi. Ku-Rusal, esanda kumelana nenkinga yezikweletu, lesi esinye isivivinyo esinzima.

  Indawo yaseSiberia eRussia inendawo enkulu, izinsiza zikagesi eziningi, amanani aphansi kagesi, izindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza ingot ye-aluminium, kanye nezinzuzo ezisobala ekuthuthukisweni kwe-electrolytic aluminium. I-Russia ithuthukise inani lezitshalo ezinkulu ze-electrolytic aluminium kule ndawo. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, ngemva kokuhlakazeka kweSoviet Union, ukuwohloka okukhulu komnotho wasekhaya kanye nokuwa kwamazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu, iRussia yathumela ngaphandle kuka-90% wezingothi zayo ze-aluminium ezimakethe zaphesheya. Kusukela ngo-1991 kuya ku-1993, ukuthunyelwa kwe-aluminiyamu yokuqala kweqa kusuka kumathani angu-700,000 okuqala kuya kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-2.2. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-aluminiyamu ye-electrolytic, kuxazululwe ukutholakala kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, kuqhubeke kwandise umthamo wokukhiqiza, futhi kuthuthukise ukuncintisana kwemakethe, iRusal ithuthuke ngokushesha yaba umdondoshiya we-aluminium onethonya elibalulekile lamazwe ngamazwe ngokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa.

  Ngo-1994, indoda yesibili ecebile yaseRussia, umzukulu kaYeltsin, no-Oleg Deripaska oneminyaka engu-26, baba umqondisi weSayanosk Aluminium Plant. Ngemva kwalokho, wasungula i-Siberian Aluminium Company. Ngo-2000, iSiberia Aluminium Corporation yahlanganiswa nezitshalo ezimbili ze-aluminium ezilawulwa u-Roman Abramovich, indoda ecebe kakhulu eRussia, ukuze yakhe i-Russia Aluminium Corporation. IJeripaska ibambe u-57% wamasheya akwaRusal ngenkampani yokutshalwa kwezimali "Base El", futhi yanwetshwa embonini yokukhiqiza imishini. Ngo-2001, iJeripaska yathola iningi lezimboni zaseRussia, njengeGas, iVolga, njll.

Ngomhla ziyisi-9 kuMfumfu wezi-2006, iRusal, i-Ural Aluminium yaseSiberia kanye ne-Swiss Glencore basayina isivumelwano sokuhlanganisa benze i-United Company Rusal (United Company Rusal). Lezi zinkampani ezintathu zibambe u-66% no-22% ngokulandelana. % Kanye no-12% wemali elinganayo; Ngo-February 14, 2007, I-Russian Anti-Monopoly Commission (FAS) igunyaze ngokusemthethweni inhlanganisela ye-United Aluminium Group yaseRussia. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-aluminiyamu ye-electrolytic ye-RUSAL Group esanda kwakhiwa kufinyelele kumathani ayizigidi ezi-4.4/ngonyaka, kanti ukukhishwa kwe-aluminium kwaba amathani ayizigidi ezingu-11.3/ngonyaka, okuhlanganisa u-12.5% ​​no-16% wesamba esitholakala emhlabeni wonke ngokulandelana, ekubeni umkhiqizi omkhulu emhlabeni we-electrolytic aluminium ne-alumina .

  Nakuba amanani entengo kawoyela negesi negesi nezinto zokusetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke akhuphuke kakhulu eminyakeni embalwa edlule, amandla ezomnotho eRussia aphinde aqina, isidingo sokusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium yasekhaya sesithuthukile, nokuthunyelwa kwe-aluminium ingot kwamanye amazwe kwehlile, kodwa izimakethe zaphesheya zisabala cishe ama-80% Ingqikithi yokusetshenziswa kwe-ingot ye-aluminium yaseRussia. Isibonelo, ngo-2008, iRussia yathumela amathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.438 e-aluminium eyinhloko, ukwehla ngo-9.5% kusukela ekuphakameni kuka-2005 kwamathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.798. Ngonyaka odlule, i-electrolytic aluminium yaseRussia yayingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-4.191. I-Rusal ingots ithunyelwa kakhulu e-United States, Japan kanye nase-Europe, okubalelwa ku-19% kanye no-18% wesamba sengqikithi ye-aluminium ingot emazweni amabili okuqala ngokulandelanayo.

  Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yonyaka odlule, isiyaluyalu sezezimali sihlasele umhlaba wonke, amanani amasheya kanye nempahla yehla, izimakethe zezindlu nezimoto ziye zalahlekelwa kakhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium ingot kube nomthelela omubi-i-LME aluminium ingot inventories iqhubekile. ukuze ikhule, ifinyelele irekhodi eliphezulu lamathani ayizigidi ezi-4.6.

  Ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokukhiqiza nokulahlekelwa, ngoMashi kulo nyaka, i-United Aluminium Corporation yaseRussia yamemezela ukuthi ngo-2009, ukukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium electrolytic kuzoncishiswa ngamathani angu-500,000 kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-alumina ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.9. URusal wayethwele kanzima ngesikweletu esikhulu samaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-14. Intengo ye-aluminum yehla, yakwazi ukuziphilisa. I-ruble yehle ngaphezu kuka-35%, okwenza umthwalo wezikweletu wenkampani waba mkhulu. Ngokwemibiko yabezindaba, uRusal ukweleta u-$7.4 billion wezikweletu ezikhungweni eziyisishiyagalombili zaphesheya kwezilwandle, okubalwa kuzo iBNB Paribas, Natixis, neSociete Generale. Esinye isikweletu samaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7 sivela ezikhungweni zamabhange asekhaya kanye nama-oligarchs ezezimali, kanti amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.5 kulindeleke ekupheleni kwalo nyaka. IRUSAL ukweleta umdondoshiya wensimbi uMikhail Prokhopow (Mikhail Prokhopow) u-$2.8 billion; ukweleta usozigidigidi kaMikhail Friedman's Alfa Bank (Alfa) $1 billion, Alfa Bank (Alfa) Inamasheya eVIMPELCOM, inkampani yomakhalekhukhwini isibili ngobukhulu eRussia, i-Alpha Bank ithole imali ebolekiwe ka-US$2 billion kuhulumeni ukuze ikwazi ukukhokha imali mboleko yaphesheya.

  Ukuze kusizwe izinkampani zibhekane nobunzima, uhulumeni waseRussia wathembisa ukuhlinzeka iqembu lezinkampani ezinkulu ngemali ebolekiwe yama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-50. I-RUSAL ithole imali ebolekiwe ka-US$4.5 billion, konga Inkampani yayo iNorilsk Nickel elawulwa ngo-25% ekuthathweni ngabakweletwayo baphesheya kwezilwandle. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokwehla kwemali etholwayo yaseRussia, isabelomali sombuso wezimali kanye nezindleko zomphakathi nezomphakathi azanele, uhlelo lokuhlenga isikhwama sikahulumeni alukaqaliswa ngokuphelele.

  Lapho ibhekene nemvelo yemakethe eyingozi, iRussia ifuna ngenkuthalo izindlela zokungena. Inkampani isebenzisa ngenkuthalo ama-ingots e-aluminium ekuxhaseni ngezimali mboleko yezikweletu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba kwemali okufanele. Ngokusho kwamahemuhemu ezimakethe, engxenyeni yesibili yalo nyaka, iRussia idayise amathani angu-500,000 ezingothi ze-aluminium kumlingani wayo iGlencore ukuze ithole uxhaso. Uma izimali zenkampani ziqinile, ama-aluminium ingots anikezwa izikhungo zezezimali, futhi inani elithile lemali mboleko lingatholakala ngokwezinga lenzalo yemakethe; lapho intengo ye-aluminium ifinyelela inani elifanele, inkampani ithengisa ngemali bese ibuyisela imali ebolekiwe esikhungweni sezezimali. Lesi isitshalo se-aluminium ye-electrolytic yasekhaya neyangaphandle noma Umkhuba ovame kakhulu ezinkampanini zokuhweba. Uxhaso lwezimali lwamarisidi e-warehouse olusetshenziswa emakethe yesikhathi esizayo ye-LME futhi lungolwalolu hlobo lwendlela yokuxhasa. Ngokungeziwe kulesi simo esishiwo ngenhla emakethe yokuhweba yesikhathi esizayo ye-LME, ezinye izikhungo zezezimali noma izinkampani ezihwebayo zisebenzisa amaphrimiyamu nezaphulelo zesikhathi esizayo kanye nezaphulelo zokwenziwa kwe-arbitrage yezinyanga ezinqamulayo, okungukuthi, lapho iprimiyamu yenkontileka yokudlulisela phambili ingaphezulu inzalo yasebhange ngesikhathi esifanayo, bangathenga iSpot noma izinkontileka zesikhashana, ikusasa elifushane, ukukhiya inzuzo. Ivolumu ye-LME ye-aluminium yesikhathi esizayo inkulu, imali yemakethe yinhle, futhi uxhaso lwezimali lwamarisidi e-warehouse lulula futhi luvuthiwe. Engxenyeni yokuqala yonyaka, uRusal wasebenzisa ama-ingots e-aluminium ukuze athembise ukuxhasa ngezimali ngenxa yezinkinga zezikweletu. Isidingo se-China sezingothi ze-aluminium ezingenisiwe senyuke ngokungalindelekile, okwenza ukunikezwa kwamanye amazwe kwezingothi ze-aluminium kuqine kungazelelwe.

  Ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya kwase-Japan kwe-electrolytic aluminium kuncane kakhulu, futhi inani elikhulu lama-ingots e-aluminium kudingeka lingeniswe minyaka yonke. Ngakho-ke, ikota ngayinye yentengo yokungenisa ingot ye-aluminium yase-Japan ngokuvamile iye yaba ingqikithi yokunikezwa kwengot ye-aluminium kanye nesidingo e-Asia. Ekuqaleni konyaka, ngenxa yokuvilapha kwezimoto zasekhaya kanye nezimakethe zokwakha, isidingo sokusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium eJapan sehle kakhulu, futhi intengo yezinsimbi ze-aluminium ethengwa kwamanye amazwe yehle yaba ngaphansi kuka-57-58 US dollar/ton, futhi ayizange isayinwe. inkontileka yesikhathi eside yokuhlinzeka ngeRusal. Ama-ingots e-aluminium e-Asia aqinile, enyusa iprimiyamu yokungenisa ingot ye-aluminium yase-Japan yonke indlela. Ngekota yesithathu, ikhuphuke ngo-30% yaya ku-68-75 US dollar/ton. Iprimiyamu yekota yesine njengamanje okuxoxiswana ngayo kulindeleke ukuthi ibe ngama-dollar ayi-120/ton! Njengamanje, iprimiyamu yokungeniswa kwe-aluminium ingot e-Asia isaphezulu njenge-US$90-130/ton.

  Ngaphezu kwalokho, uRusal waxoxisana ngenkuthalo nabakweletwayo ngezindaba zezikweletu, efuna ukuqonda nokubambisana kolunye uhlangothi. Ekupheleni kukaJulayi, uRusal wafinyelela isivumelwano sokuhlelwa kabusha kwezikweletu nekomiti lokudidiyela elimele amabhange omhlaba angama-70. Ngokwesivumelwano, uRusal uzoxazulula inkinga yezikweletu ngezinyathelo ezimbili phakathi neminyaka eyisikhombisa ezayo. Eminyakeni emine yokuqala, i-RUSAL izosebenzisa ithuba elihle lokukhuphuka kwamanani e-aluminium kanye nokukhuphuka kwesidingo sabathengi ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza futhi ithembise ukukhokha izikweletu zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ngekota yesine ka-5. Ngalesi sikhathi, iRusal ingalandela. izimo zemakethe futhi uhambisane nomgomo "wokusebenza ngokwamandla ayo" ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza nokuqhubeka kokukhiqizwa kwenkampani. Esigabeni sesibili, umbolekisi angakwazi ukubuyisela isikweletu ngentando yeRusal isikhathi esiyiminyaka emithathu. Ikomidi lokuxhumanisa lavumelana nokwakhiwa kweRussia kwesiteshi sikagesi i-Boguchanskaya hydropower, isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwesikhathi esizayo kweRusal.

Xhumanisa nale ndatshana: Isitshalo se-aluminium esiyekwa uRusal sizoguqulwa sibe ipulazi lezimayini le-Bitcoin

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